Genetic Abnormalities in Extramedullary Multiple Myeloma

Extramedullary multiple myeloma (or extramedullary disease, EMD) is an aggressive form of (MM) that occurs when malignant plasma cells become independent the bone marrow microenvironment. This may occur alongside MM diagnosis or in later stages relapse and confers extremely poor prognosis. In era novel agents anti-myeloma therapies, incidence EMD increasing, making this a more prevalent challenging cohort patients. Therefore, understanding underlying mechanisms escape driver events increasingly urgent. The role genomics has been studied extensively; however, much less known about genetic background EMD. Recently there increased focus on for establishment distant sites. Generally, high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities gene signatures are associated with EMD, mutations RAS signalling pathways. More recently, changes epigenetic regulation have also documented, specifically hypermethylation DNA promoter regions. review to summarize discuss what currently MM.